Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.     

深松对春玉米根系分布及氮素积累与利用的影响

2015—2016年以先玉335和郑单958为试验材料，设置深松+旋耕（S+R）和旋耕（R）2个处理，研究了深松对春玉米根系分布及氮素积累与利用的影响。结果表明：深松疏松了土壤，有利于根系的生长，促进根系下扎，深松措施下先玉335和郑单958完熟期总根干重较旋耕处理分别提高了7.35%和9.25%，其中20~40 cm土层分别提高了15.52%和24.07%，30 cm以下土层根条数和根幅明显增加。深松改善根系形态特征，增加了根系与氮素的接触机会，促进了春玉米对氮素的吸收和累积，使单位重量根系氮素吸收量明显提高，吐丝前S+R处理的先玉335和郑单958单位重量根系氮素吸收量较R处理分别提高了11.22%和12.03%，处理间差异达到了显著水平。S+R处理的氮素吸收效率先玉335和郑单958较R处理分别提高6.11~6.40 kg·kg^-1和7.17~7.51 kg·kg^-1，氮肥偏生产力分别提高了3.86~8.00 kg·kg^-1和5.40~9.86 kg·kg^-1，氮素积累量分别提高了33.73~35.66 kg·hm^-1和27.85~36.61 kg·hm^-1。与先玉335相比，郑单958对深松更为敏感。     

基于MODIS TVDI和模糊数学方法的藏北地区旱情等级遥感监测

为了实现对藏北区域范围内春夏旱情的动态连续监测,基于温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)和模糊数学方法建立了遥感干旱的划分标准,研究时段为1980-2017年。首先利用MODIS产品数据计算TVDI,然后根据气象干旱等级监测结果,采用模糊数学法建立基于MODIS TVDI的干旱等级划分标准,并对监测结果进行精度验证,最后分析了近年来藏北地区旱情的时空变化特征。得到的主要结论:①基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)和增强植被指数(EVI)计算得到的温度植被干旱指数TVDIN和TVDIE,均与20 cm实测土壤水分含量在0.05的水平达到显著相关,TVDIE的决定系数更高;②基于TVDIE将旱情划分为无旱、轻旱、中旱、重旱、特旱5个等级,其中,据此标准获得的藏北地区旱情等级与气象干旱等级监测结果大体一致;③近年来藏北地区旱情整体不太严重,且总体趋缓,其中,2009年最严重,发生中旱及以上旱情的区域面积达24%,年内旱情在6月最严重。就旱情的空间分布特征而言,研究区西南部和中部干旱比较严重,北部和东南部相对较轻。研究成果可为藏北地区干旱监测提供数据支撑,遥感干旱等级的划分方法可为其他地区的干旱研究提供参考。     

Paraphoma root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Inner Mongolia,China

Root rot symptoms were observed in fields of alfalfa in Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, China in 2016. Disease incidences of seven alfalfa varieties planted in 2014 ranged from 56% to 95%, while incidence of Gongnong No. 1 planted in 2016 was 8%, 31% and 76% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Paraphoma isolates were consistently recovered from black necrotic root tissues of diseased plants with a frequency of 77.1%. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB), this fungus was identified as Paraphoma radicina. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. radicina significantly reduced above- and below-ground biomass of alfalfa plants 2 months after inoculation. Paraphoma radicina infected 70% of the plants inoculated with a root dip in conidia, and these symptoms were consistent with the symptoms in the field. Paraphoma radicina was successfully reisolated from disease roots of the inoculated alfalfa plants. This is the first report of P. radicina as the causal agent of alfalfa root rot in China.     

多花黄精不同种源种实形态性状遗传变异研究

旨在阐明多花黄精种实形态性状在种源水平上的遗传变异规律,为多花黄精优良种源选择提供理论依据。以栽植在同质栽培园的18个多花黄精种源为材料,比较了不同种源多花黄精浆果、种子的纵径、横径、侧径等形态性状,以及单果重和种子千粒重等性状的差异。多花黄精种实形态性状及其单果鲜重和种子千粒重在不同种源间均存在着极显著差异;多花黄精浆果形态性状两两之间存在极显著正相关关系,种子形态性状两两之间也存在显著或极显著正相关关系,但绝大多数浆果形态性状与种子形态性状之间的相关性不显著;多花黄精种实形态性状在种源水平上不存在明显的地理变异模式;多花黄精种子形态性状在种源水平上的广义遗传力达到强度遗传范围,能比较稳定地遗传。可以考虑利用种子千粒重这一指标作为多花黄精优良种源选择的间接指标。     

水分胁迫对大豆生长与产量的影响及应对措施

在大豆生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响理化进程并降低产量,其中水分胁迫是所有其他非生物胁迫（高温、低温、土地瘠薄、盐碱等）损失的总和。为了提高大豆在水分胁迫中的抗逆性,通过归纳水分胁迫对大豆生长发育及产量的研究现状,总结干旱和淹水胁迫对大豆形态结构、生理指标及产量指标的影响,分析抵御水分胁迫的应对措施和有效方法。指出目前抗旱防涝存在的问题,并提出解决方案,以期降低水分胁迫对大豆生产造成的损失。     

滑县花生新黑地蛛蚧的发生与防治技术

花生新黑地蛛蚧是近年来滑县花生田新发现的一种地下害虫，对花生造成危害，影响花生的 品质和产量。本文主要介绍新黑地蛛蚧的形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、为害症状及防治措施。     

玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤酚酸类物质化感作用的影响

为探究玉米花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤的酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，利用CH2Cl2提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，通过室内模拟培养法，研究了玉米根系分泌物对含有不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸及对羟基苯甲酸3种酚酸类物质土壤的微生态环境的影响。结果表明，酚酸类物质均显著降低了土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量，抑制了土壤微生物活性，土壤酶（脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶）活性和养分含量（碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾）亦显著降低，且浓度越高化感抑制作用（RI＜0）越强（P＜0.05）。玉米根系分泌物可降低酚酸类物质对土壤微生物活性、微生物量、酶活性及养分含量的化感指数，以低浓度处理的降幅较大，且在处理第5 d和10 d显著增加了3种酚酸类物质处理的土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量（P＜0.05）；不同酚酸类物质中，以邻苯二甲酸所受影响最大。整个培养时期，玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5 d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。3次取样，土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低10.03%~64.13%、9.72%~57.51%、13.16%~78.85%和5.88%~59.71%。玉米根系分泌物可通过提高土壤微生物量、微生物活性及养分含量，来降低肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸对土壤微生态环境的化感作用。结果为玉米花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供一定的理论依据。     

NaCl胁迫对葡萄砧木光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探究葡萄（Vitis sp.）砧木对盐胁迫的响应机制，以耐盐葡萄砧木品种101-14M（V. riparia×V. rupestris）和盐敏感品种188-08（V. berlandieri × V. riparia）的一年生苗为试材，比较研究了0、4、6、8、10 g·kg-1的NaCl胁迫对2种砧木叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着盐浓度升高，净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率显著下降，同时最大荧光产量、最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率和光化学淬灭系数也呈下降趋势，初始荧光产量、非光化学淬灭系数和叶绿素含量表现为先升高后降低。在6 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下，188-08光合速率降低主因由气孔限制转向叶绿素限制，并在8 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下PSⅡ受到严重损伤；而101-14M叶片在8 g·kg-1盐胁迫下主要因叶绿素限制造成光合受限，并在10 g·kg-1盐胁迫下PSⅡ反应中心遭受损伤。